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: If a paper isn't immediately downloadable, you can often "Request full-text" directly from the author.
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Researchers often upload "preprints"—versions of their papers before they have undergone formal peer review—to make their findings available quickly. : If a paper isn't immediately downloadable, you
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: The primary home for preprints in physics, mathematics, and computer science.
: This remains the gold standard. Look for "PDF" or "HTML" links on the right-hand side of search results, which indicate a free version is available from a university repository or the author’s own site.