Tcp/ip //free\\ -

: Connection-oriented and highly reliable. It uses a "three-way handshake" to establish connections and includes mechanisms for error recovery and flow control [18, 23, 29].

: A denial-of-service attack that exploits the TCP three-way handshake to overwhelm a server [6]. tcp/ip

: The IP layer handles the delivery of these packets. Because each packet is treated independently, they may take different paths across various networks to reach their destination [3, 22]. : Connection-oriented and highly reliable

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the foundational protocol suite that allows devices to communicate across the internet and private networks [21]. Often called the "language of the internet," it provides a common set of rules that allow different hardware—from massive servers to handheld smartphones—to exchange data seamlessly regardless of their internal operating systems [2, 12, 17]. : The IP layer handles the delivery of these packets