: Traditional government-issued currency (like the Russian ruble or Uzbek som) that has value because the state provides and regulates it.
: Encrypted information acting as a calculation-exchange equivalent and an investment asset. These include private cryptocurrencies and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC). Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) vakyuta
: Foreign currencies that are globally accepted as stable stores of value and mediums for international trade, such as the US Dollar or Euro. vakyuta
: Launched by the Bank of Russia, this is a digital form of the national currency intended to solve issues in monetary and credit policy. vakyuta
Modern currency has evolved from physical commodity-based systems to complex digital frameworks. Key categories include: